CMMI-DEV V2.0实践域

发布日期:2022-12-14

CMMI-DEV V2.0实践域

实践域在CMMI V2.0模型中是一组实践,它们共同描述实现已定义的目的和价值所需的关键活动。CMMI V2.0模型DEV视图共有20个实践域,其中核心实践域(Core PAs)18个,特定领域实践域(Specific Domain PAs)2个。请参看下表:

在实践域中,实践被分类到一组演进的等级中。等级划分为绩效改进提供了演进的途径——每个演进的等级,都在之前的等级基础上,增加新的功能或熟练性,从而提高能力。

 

CMMI-DEV V2.0的196个实践

实践域实践Practice Statement实践描述
CAR1.1Identify and address causes of selected outcomes. 识别并处理选中现象的原因
CAR2.1Select outcomes for analysis. 选择要分析的现象
CAR2.2Analyze and address causes of outcomes. 分析并处理现象的原因
CAR3.1Determine root causes of selected outcomes by following an organizational process.遵从组织级的流程确定选中现象的根因
CAR3.2Propose actions to address identified root causes. 提出行动建议以处理识别的根因
CAR3.3Implement selected action proposals.实施选中的行动建议
CAR3.4Record root cause analysis and resolution data.记录根因分析和解决方案的数据
CAR3.5Submit improvement proposals for changes proven to be effective. 为已经证明有效的变更提交改进建议
CAR4.1Perform root cause analysis of selected outcomes using statistical and other quantitative techniques. 采用统计和其他量化技术对选中的现象执行根因分析
CAR4.2Evaluate the effect of implemented actions on process performance using statistical and other quantitative techniques.采用统计和其他量化技术评价已实施行动的对过程性能的变化效果
CAR5.1Use statistical and other quantitative techniques to evaluate other solutions and processes to determine if the resolution should be applied. 使用统计和其他量化技术评价其他解决方案或过程以确定是否应用某解决方案
CM1.1Perform version control.执行版本控制
CM2.1Identify items to be placed under configuration management.识别置于配置管理之下的配置项
CM2.2Develop, keep updated, and use a configuration and change management system.建立、保持更新并使用配置和变更管理系统
CM2.3Develop or release baselines for internal use or for delivery to the customer.建立或发布内部使用或交付给客户的基线
CM2.4Manage changes to the items under configuration management.管理配置项的变更
CM2.5Develop, keep updated, and use records describing items under configuration management.建立、保持更新并使用描述了配置项的记录
CM2.6Perform configuration audits to maintain the integrity of configuration baselines, changes, and content of the configuration management system.执行配置审计以维持配置基线、变更和配置管理系统内容的完整性
DAR1.1Define and record the alternatives. 定义并记录候选方案
DAR1.2Make and record the decision.做出决策并记录决策
DAR2.1Develop, keep updated, and use rules to determine when to follow a recorded process for criteria-based decisions. 制定、保持更新并使用规则来决定何时遵从文档化的过程进行基于准则的决策
DAR2.2Develop criteria for evaluating alternatives. 制定评价候选方案的准则
DAR2.3Identify alternative solutions.识别候选解决方案
DAR2.4Select evaluation methods.选择评价方法
DAR2.5Evaluate and select solutions using criteria and methods.使用准则和方法评价和选择解决方案
DAR3.1Develop, keep updated, and use a description of role-based decision authority.制定、保持更新并使用基于角色的决策授权描述
EST1.1Develop high-level estimates to perform the work.建立一个初步的估算以执行任务
EST2.1Develop and keep updated the scope of what is being estimated.建立并保持更新估算对象的范围
EST2.2Develop and keep updated estimates for the size of the solution.建立并保持更新解决方案的规模估算
EST2.3Based on size estimates, derive effort, duration, and cost estimates for the solution.基于规模估算,开发并记录解决方案的工作量、工期和成本估算以及估算的理由
EST3.1Develop and keep updated a recorded estimation method.制定并保持更新文档化的估算方法
EST3.2Use the organizational measurement repository and process assets for estimating work.在估算任务时,使用组织级的度量库和过程资产
GOV1.1Senior management identifies what is important for doing the work and defines the approach needed to accomplish the objectives of the organization. 高级管理者识别开展工作的要点,并定义完成组织目标所需要的方法
GOV2.1Senior management defines, keeps updated, and communicates organizational directives for process implementation and improvement based on organization needs and objectives. 基于组织的需要和目标,高级管理者定义、保持更新并沟通过程实施和改进的组织级方针
GOV2.2Senior management ensures resources are provided for developing, supporting, performing, improving, and evaluating adherence to expected processes.高级管理者确保已为制定、支持、实施、改进期望的过程与评价过程的符合性提供了资源
GOV2.3Senior management identifies their information needs, and uses the collected information to provide governance and oversight of effective process implementation and improvement. 高级管理者识别他们的信息需要,并使用采集的信息来治理和监督过程实施和改进的有效性
GOV2.4Senior management holds people accountable for adhering to organization policies and achieving process implementation and improvement objectives.高级管理者要求员工遵守组织方针并达成过程实施和改进的目的
GOV3.1Senior management ensures that measures supporting objectives throughout the organization are collected, analyzed, and used. 高级管理者确保已收集、分析、使用了可支持组织目标达成的度量数据
GOV3.2Senior management ensures that competencies and processes are aligned with the objectives of the organization. 高级管理者确保能力和过程与组织的目标保持一致
GOV4.1Senior management ensures that selected decisions are driven by statistical and quantitative analysis related to performance and achievement of quality and process performance objectives.高级管理者确保选中的决策是根据统计分析或其他与性能、质量和过程性能目标相关的量化分析来驱动的
II1.1Perform processes that address the intent of the Level 1 practices.执行了满足1级实践意图的过程
II2.1Provide sufficient resources, funding, and training for developing processes.为制定过程提供充足的资源、资金和培训
II2.2Develop and keep processes updated, and verify they are being followed.定义、保持更新过程,并验证过程是否被遵从了
II3.1Use organizational processes and process assets to plan, manage, and perform the work.使用组织级的过程和过程资产策划、管理以及执行任务
II3.2Evaluate the adherence to and effectiveness of the organizational processes.评价对组织级过程的符合性和组织级过程的有效性
II3.3Contribute process related information or process assets to the organization.向组织级提交过程相关的信息或过程资产
MPM1.1Collect measures and record performance.采集度量数据,并记录性能
MPM1.2Identify and address performance issues.识别并处理性能问题
MPM2.1Derive and record measurement and performance objectives from selected business needs and objectives and keep them updated.从选中的商业需求和目标中,派生并记录度量和性能目标,并保持更新
MPM2.2Develop, keep updated, and use operational definitions for measures.制定、保持更新并使用度量元的操作定义
MPM2.3Obtain specified measurement data according to operational definitions.依据操作定义获得特定度量数据
MPM2.4Analyze performance and measurement data according to the operational definitions.依据操作定义分析性能和度量数据
MPM2.5Store measurement data, measurement specifications, and analysis results according to the operational definitions. 依据操作定义存储度量数据、度量规格和分析结果
MPM2.6Take actions to address identified issues with meeting measurement and performance objectives. 采取行动以处理所识别的问题,并满足度量与性能目标
MPM3.1Develop, keep updated, and use organizational measurement and performance objectives traceable to business objectives制定、保持更新并使用可回溯到商业目标的组织级的度量和性能目标
MPM3.2Follow organizational processes and standards to develop and use operational definitions for measures and keep them updated.遵从组织级的过程和标准,开发和使用度量元的定义并保持更新
MPM3.3Develop, keep updated, and follow a data quality process. 制定、保持更新并遵从数据质量过程
MPM3.4Develop,   keep updated, and use the organization’s measurement repository.建立、保持更新并使用组织级度量库
MPM3.5Analyze organizational performance using measurement and performance data to determine performance improvement needs.使用度量与性能数据,分析组织级性能以确定性能改进需求
MPM3.6Periodically communicate performance results to the organization. 向组织周期性地沟通性能结果
MPM4.1Using statistical and other quantitative techniques, develop, keep updated, and communicate quality and process performance objectives that are traceable to business objectives. 使用统计和其他量化技术制定、保持更新和沟通可以回溯到商业目标的质量和过程性能目标
MPM4.2Select measures and analytic techniques to quantitatively manage performance to achieve quality and process performance objectives.选择度量元和分析技术,来定量管理性能以达成质量和过程性能目标
MPM4.3Using statistical and other quantitative techniques, develop, keep updated, and use process performance baselines.使用统计和其他量化技术建立、保持更新和使用过程性能基线
MPM4.4Using statistical and other quantitative techniques, develop, keep updated, and use process performance models. 使用统计和其他量化技术建立、保持更新和使用过程性能模型
MPM4.5Using statistical and other quantitative techniques, determine or predict achievement of quality and process performance objectives. 使用统计和其他量化技术确定或预测质量和过程性能目标的达成
MPM5.1Using statistical and other quantitative techniques, ensure that business objectives are aligned with business strategy and performance. 使用统计和其他量化技术确保商业目标与商业战略和性能协调一致
MPM5.2Analyze   performance data using statistical and other quantitative techniques to  determine the organization’s ability to satisfy selected business objectives  and identify potential areas for performance improvement. 采用统计和其他量化技术,分析性能数据以确定组织满足选中的商业目标的能力,并识别潜在的性能改进领域
MPM5.3Select and implement improvement proposals, based on the statistical and quantitative analysis of the expected effect of proposed improvements on meeting business, quality, and process performance objectives. 基于对满足商业目标、质量目标和过程性能目标的改进建议的期望效果的统计和量化分析,选择和实施改进建议
MC1.1Record task completions.记录任务完成情况
MC1.2Identify and resolve issues.识别并解决问题
MC2.1Track actual results against estimates for size, effort, schedule, resources, knowledge and skills, and budget.对照规模、工作量、进度、资源、知识技能和预算的估计结果跟踪实际结果
MC2.2Track the involvement of identified stakeholders and commitments.跟踪已识别的干系人的参与和承诺
MC2.3Monitor the transition to operations and support.监督向运维和支持的移交
MC2.4Take corrective actions when actual results differ significantly from planned results and manage to closure.当实际结果与计划的结果有显著偏离时,采取纠正措施并管理至关闭
MC3.1Manage the project using the project plan and the project process.使用项目计划和项目过程管理项目
MC3.2Manage critical dependencies and activities.管理关键依赖和活动
MC3.3Monitor the work environment to identify issues.监督工作环境以识别问题
MC3.4Manage and resolve issues with affected stakeholders.和受影响的干系人一起管理和解决问题
OT1.1Train people. 培训人员
OT2.1Identify training needs. 识别培训需要
OT2.2Train personnel and keep records. 培训人员并保存记录
OT3.1Develop   and keep updated the organization’s strategic and short-term training  needs. 制定并保持更新组织级的战略和短期培训需要
OT3.2Coordinate training needs and delivery between the projects and the organization.在项目和组织之间,协同培训需要和交付物
OT3.3Develop, keep updated, and follow organizational strategic and short-term training plans. 制定,保持更新并遵从组织级战略和短期培训计划
OT3.4Develop, keep updated, and use a training capability to address organizational training needs. 制定,保持更新并使用培训能力以处理组织级培训需要
OT3.5Assess the effectiveness of the organizations training program. 评价组织级培训计划的有效性
OT3.6Record, keep updated, and use the set of organizational training records. 记录、保持更新并使用组织级培训记录集
PR1.1Perform reviews of work products and record issues. 评审工作产品并记录问题
PR2.1Develop and keep updated procedures and supporting materials used to prepare for and perform peer reviews. 制定并保持更新用以准备和执行同行评审的规程和支持材料
PR2.2Select work products to be peer reviewed. 选择待同行评审的工作产品
PR2.3Prepare and perform peer reviews on selected work products using established procedures. 采用已建立的规程,对选中的工作产品准备和实施同行评审
PR2.4Resolve issues identified in peer reviews.解决同行评审中发现的问题
PR3.1Analyze results and data from peer reviews.分析同行评审的结果
PLAN1.1Develop a list of tasks.制定任务列表
PLAN1.2Assign people to tasks.为任务分配人员
PLAN2.1Develop and keep updated the approach for accomplishing the work.制定并保持更新完成工作的方法
PLAN2.2Plan for the knowledge and skills needed to perform the work.策划完成工作需要的知识和技能
PLAN2.3Based on recorded estimates, develop and keep updated the budget and schedule.基于文档化的估算,制定和保持更新预算和进度
PLAN2.4Plan the involvement of identified stakeholders.策划所识别的干系人的参与
PLAN2.5Plan transition to operations and support.策划向运维和支持的移交
PLAN2.6Ensure plans are feasible by reconciling available and estimated resources.通过协调可用的和估计的资源,确保计划可行
PLAN2.7Develop the work plan, ensure consistency among its elements, and keep it updated.制定工作计划,确保其元素之间的一致性,并保持更新
PLAN2.8Review plans and obtain commitments from affected stakeholders.评审计划并从受影响的干系人处获得承诺
PLAN3.1Use the organizations set of standard processes and tailoring guidelines to develop, keep updated, and follow the project process.使用组织级的标准过程和裁剪指南,制定、并保持更新并遵从项目过程
PLAN3.2Develop a plan and keep it updated, using the project process, the organizations process assets, and the measurement repository.采用项目过程、组织过程资产和度量库开发计划并保持更新
PLAN3.3Identify and negotiate critical dependencies.识别并协商关键依赖
PLAN3.4Plan for the project environment and keep it updated based on the organizations standards.基于组织级的标准,策划并保持更新工作环境 
PLAN4.1Use statistical and other quantitative techniques to develop and keep the project processes updated to enable achievement of the quality and process performance objectives.用统计或其他量化技术,开发并保持更新项目的过程,以满足质量和过程性能目标的达成
PAD1.1Develop process assets to perform the work. 开发过程资产以执行工作
PAD2.1Determine what process assets will be needed to perform the work. 确定哪些过程资产是完成工作所必须的
PAD2.2Develop, buy, or reuse process and assets. 开发、购买、复用过程资产
PAD2.3Make process assets available. 确保过程资产可获得
PAD3.1Develop, keep updated, and follow a strategy for building and updating process assets. 制定、保持更新和遵从创建和更新过程资产的策略
PAD3.2Develop,   record, and keep updated a process architecture that describes the structure  of the organizations processes and process assets. 建立、记录和保持更新描述了组织过程结构和过程资产结构的过程架构
PAD3.3Develop, keep updated, and make processes and assets available for use. 制定、保持更新并确保过程和资产可用
PAD3.4Develop, keep updated, and use tailoring criteria and guidelines for the set of standard processes and assets. 制定、保持更新并使用标准过程集的裁剪准则和指南
PAD3.5Develop, keep updated, and make the organizations process asset library available for use. 建立、保持更新并确保组织过程资产库可用
PAD3.6Develop, keep updated, and make work environment standards available for use.制定、保持更新并确保工作环境标准可用
PAD3.7Develop, keep updated, and make organizational measurement and analysis standards available for use.制定、保持更新并确保组织度量和分析标准可用
PCM1.1Develop a support structure to provide process guidance, identify and fix process problems, and continuously improve processes. 建立支撑体系以提供过程指南、识别并修复过程问题、持续改进过程
PCM1.2Appraise the current process implementation and identify strengths and weaknesses. 评价当前的过程实施并识别强项和弱项
PCM1.3Address improvement opportunities or process issues. 处理改进机会或过程问题
PCM2.1Identify improvements to the processes and process assets. 识别对过程和过程资产的改进点
PCM2.2Develop, keep updated, and follow plans for implementing selected process improvements为实施选中的过程改进,制定、保持更新和遵从计划
PCM3.1Develop, keep updated, and use process improvement objectives traceable to the business objectives.建立、保持更新和使用可回溯到商业目标的改进目标
PCM3.2Identify processes that are the largest contributors to meeting business objectives. 识别对满足商业目标最大贡献的过程
PCM3.3Explore and evaluate potential new processes, techniques, methods, and tools to identify improvement opportunities. 探索和评价潜在的新过程、技术、方法和工具以识别改进机会
PCM3.4Provide support for implementing, deploying, and sustaining process improvements.为实施、部署和维持过程改进提供支持
PCM3.5Deploy organizational standard processes and process assets. 部署组织标准过程和过程资产
PCM3.6Evaluate effectiveness of deployed improvements in achieving process improvement objectives. 评价已部署的改进措施在达成过程改进目标方面的有效性
PCM4.1Use statistical and other quantitative techniques to validate selected performance improvements against proposed improvement expectations, business objectives, or quality and process performance objectives.对照建议的改进期望、商业目标、或质量和过程性能目标,采用统计和其他量化技术,确认选中的性能改进
PQA1.1Identify and address process and work product issues. 识别和处理过程和工作产品的问题
PQA2.1Develop, keep updated, and follow a quality assurance approach and plan based on historical quality data.基于历史的质量数据,制定、保持更新和遵从质量保证方法和计划
PQA2.2Throughout the work effort, objectively evaluate selected performed processes and work products against the recorded process.在整个工作期间,对照文档化的过程,客观评价选中的、已执行的过程和工作产品
PQA2.3Communicate quality and non-compliance issues and ensure their resolution.交流质量问题和不符合问题并确保他们得到解决
PQA2.4Record and use results of quality assurance activities. 记录并使用质量保证活动的结果
PQA3.1Identify and record opportunities for improvement during quality assurance activities. 在质量保证活动期间,识别和记录改进机会
PI1.1Assemble solutions and deliver to the customer. 组装解决方案并交付给客户
PI2.1Develop, keep updated, and follow an integration strategy. 制定、保持更新并遵从集成策略
PI2.2Develop, keep updated, and use the integration environment. 制定、保持更新并使用集成环境
PI2.3Develop, keep updated, and follow procedures and criteria for integrating solutions and components.为了集成解决方案和部件,制定、保持更新并遵从规程和准则
PI2.4Confirm, prior to assembly, that each component has been properly identified and operates according to its requirements and design. 在组装之前,确认每个部件都依据其需求和设计被正确地标示了并能正常运行
PI2.5Evaluate assembled components to ensure conformance to the solutions requirements and design.评价组装好的部件以确保与解决方案的需求和设计保持一致
PI2.6Assemble solutions and components according to the integration strategy.依据集成策略组装解决方案和部件
PI3.1Review and keep updated interface or connection descriptions for coverage, completeness, and consistency throughout the solutions life. 在解决方案的全生命周期内,评审和保持更新接口或连接的描述,以确保覆盖率、完备性和一致性
PI3.2Confirm, prior to assembly, that component interfaces or connections comply with interface or connection descriptions. 在组装之前,确认部件接口或连接与其描述一致
PI3.3Evaluate assembled components for interface or connection compatibility.评价组装的部件,以确保接口或连接的兼容性
RDM1.1Record requirements. 记录需求
RDM2.1Elicit stakeholder needs, expectations, constraints, and interfaces or connections.  引导干系人的需要、期望、约束、接口或连接
RDM2.2Transform stakeholder needs, expectations, constraints, and interfaces or connections into prioritized customer requirements. 转换干系人的需要、期望、约束、接口或连接为排列了优先级的客户需求
RDM2.3Develop an understanding with the requirements providers on the meaning of the requirements.  和需求提供者关于需求的含义达成一致的理解
RDM2.4Obtain commitment from work effort participants that they can address the requirements.  从工作投入的参与者处获得他们对需求可实现的承诺
RDM2.5Develop, record, and maintain bidirectional traceability among requirements, activities, and work products. 建立、记录、维护需求与活动、工作产品之间的双向可跟踪性
RDM2.6Ensure that plans, activities, and work products remain consistent with requirements. 确保计划、活动和工作产品与需求保持一致
RDM3.1Develop and keep requirements updated for the solution and its components in accordance with the organizational process.根据组织级的过程,开发和保持更新解决方案和其构件需求
RDM3.2Develop operational concepts and scenarios.定义操作概念和场景
RDM3.3Allocate the requirements to be implemented.分配待实现的需求
RDM3.4Identify, develop, and keep updated interface or connection requirements.识别、定义、保持更新接口与连接需求
RDM3.5Ensure that requirements are necessary and sufficient. 确保需求是必要的和充分的
RDM3.6Balance stakeholder needs and constraints. 平衡干系人的需要和约束
RDM3.7Validate requirements to ensure the resulting solution will perform as intended in the target environment.确认需求以确保最终的解决方案可以在目标环境中运行
RSK1.1Identify and record risks or opportunities and keep them updated.识别、记录风险或机会,并保持更新
RSK2.1Analyze identified risks or opportunities.分析所识别的风险或机会
RSK2.2Monitor identified risks or opportunities and communicate status to affected stakeholders.监督识别的风险或机会并和受影响的干系人沟通状态
RSK3.1Identify and use risk or opportunity categories.识别并使用风险或机会分类
RSK3.2Define and use parameters for risk or opportunity analysis and handling.为风险或机会的分析和解决,定义和使用参数
RSK3.3Develop and keep updated a risk management strategy. 制定和保持更新风险或机会管理策略
RSK3.4Develop and keep updated a risk or opportunity management strategy.制定和保持更新风险或机会管理计划
RSK3.5Manage risks or opportunities by implementing planned risk or opportunity management activities.通过实施已计划的风险或机会来管理风险或机会
SAM1.1Develop and record the supplier agreement.制定并文档化供应商协议
SAM1.2Accept or reject the supplier deliverables.接受或拒绝供应商交付物
SAM1.3Process supplier invoices.处理供应商发票
SAM2.1Monitor supplier as specified in the supplier agreement and keep agreement updated.按照供应商协议监督供应商并保持协议更新
SAM2.2Perform activities as specified in the supplier agreement.执行供应商协议中的活动
SAM2.3Verify that the supplier agreement is satisfied before accepting the acquired supplier deliverable.在接收供应商的交付物之前,验证供应商协议被满足了
SAM2.4Manage invoices submitted by the supplier according to the supplier agreements.基于供应商协议管理供应商提供的发票
SAM3.1Select technical supplier deliverables for analysis and conduct technical reviews.选择技术性的供应商的交付物进行分析并执行技术评审
SAM3.2Select and monitor supplier processes and deliverables based on criteria in the supplier agreement.基于供应商协议中的准则选择并监督供应商的过程和交付物
SAM4.1Select measures and apply analytical techniques to quantitatively manage supplier performance to achieve quality and process performance objectives.选择度量元并应用分析技术来定量管理供应商的性能以达成质量与过程性能目标。
TS1.1Build solution to meet requirements. 创建满足需求的解决方案
TS2.1Design and build a solution to meet requirements设计和创建满足需求的解决方案
TS2.2Evaluate the design and address identified issues. 评价设计并处理识别的问题
TS2.3Provide guidance on use of the solution. 提供解决方案的使用指南
TS3.1Develop criteria for design decisions. 制定设计决策的准则
TS3.2Develop alternative solutions for selected components. 对选中的构件制定候选解决方案
TS3.3Perform a build, buy, or reuse analysis. 执行创建、购买或复用分析
TS3.4Select solutions based on design criteria. 基于设计准则选择解决方案
TS3.5Develop, keep updated, and use information needed to implement the design. 制定、保持更新并使用所需信息实现设计
TS3.6Design solution interfaces or connections using established criteria. 使用已建立的准则设计解决方案的接口或连接
VV1.1Perform verification to ensure the requirements are implemented and record and communicate results.执行验证以确保需求已被实现并记录和沟通验证结果。
VV1.2Perform validation to ensure the solution will function as intended in its target environment and record and communicate results.执行确认以确保解决方案在目标环境中能发挥预期的作用,并记录和沟通结果
VV2.1Select components and methods for verification and validation. 选择验证和确认的部件和方法
VV2.2Develop, keep updated, and use the environment needed to support verification and validation. 建立、保持更新和使用支持验证和确认的环境
VV2.3Develop, keep updated, and follow procedures for verification and validation. 制定、保持更新和遵从验证和确认的规程
VV3.1Develop, keep updated, and use criteria for verification and validation.  制定、保持更新和使用验证和确认的准则
VV3.2Analyze and communicate verification and validation results. 分析和交流验证和确认的结果